In March, 1943 The Committee X was established within the area of North Compound of Stalag Luft 3 in Sagan (today Żagań, Poland) and S/Ldr Roger J. Bushell was chosen to be the Big X. The task of the committee was to prepare and undertake a mass escape of 200 prisoners of war. Works concerning digging three tunnels: “Tom”, “Dick” and “Harry”, were begun at the same time.
In March, 1943 The Committee X was established within the area of North Sector of Stalag Luft III in Sagan and S/Ldr Roger J. Bushell was chosen to be the commander. The task of the committee was to prepare and undertake a mass escape of 200 prisoners of war. Works concerning digging three tunnels: “Tom”, “Dick” and “Harry”, were begun at the same time.
One of the most important and difficult tasks was to camouflage the entrances to the tunnels. Tunnel “Tom” started in a room of the barrack 123 and the entrance was built in the base of the chimney. The entrance of “Dick” was made in the sewage system outlet of the bathroom in the barrack 122. The two tunnels were to be built towards the west. “Harry” started in a room of the barrack 104 and the entrance was built in the base of the stove. The tunnel was to be built towards the north. After they managed to get through the layer of concrete and bricks, the digging of three shafts was started. Despite the structure of the soil (bright yellow sand) they managed to achieve the depth of 9 meters. The walls of the shafts and ladders were covered with bed planks. Under the entrance of the shaft three little rooms were bulit, which were used for storing the air pump, dugged yellow sand, sacks for carring the sand out, and all the tools, lamps and wooden planks. The air pump was made of a long wooden bed with a tube (bellows) made of impregnated tarpaulin. The tube was made of sacks used for carring clothes and wire that made it stiff. It was closed at both the ends with wooden lids with automatic valves. The inlet and outlet valves sucked in and pressed the air into the pipes.
Te pipes were made of empty milk cans (called Klim). The cans were made in such a way that after the bottom was cut out and the lid was opened it was possible to join them with one another. They were air-tighted with thick paper and burried in the tunnel floor. The used air was pressed to chimneys and the fresh air inlet was hidden under the floor. The prisoner who was responsible for operating the pump had an important task, though. The railway along which tunnel carriages were moved was made of skirting-board taken from prisoners rooms. The carriages were made of wooden planks and the weels consisted of three rings. The external ones had larger diameter and kept the carriage on the rails. The internal weels covered with metal (cans) rested on railways and carried the vehicle. At the front and the back there were hooks for ropes which pulled the carriage out and into the tunnel. They served as a means of transport for diggers, wood and sand. At first, the tunnel was lighted with lamps that run on natural fat (margarine). The lamps were made of cans and a thin rope but they smoked a lot and made the air hot very quickly. What is more, they used the air so needed for breathing. In the meantime, prisoners were building the prison radio net and managed to smuggle some of electric wire, which was used later for electricity line in the tunnel. It was connected to the line of barracks and it was used only at night as during the day the electricity was cut off in the entire camp. Tunnel “Tom” was discovered accidently and blown up by Germans. The works over “Dick” were also stopped because Germans started to built a new part of the camp which was exactly over the tunnel. So it was decided that it would be used only as a store for things necessary for the escape. The whole power was focused on “Harry”. Five teams with four diggers in each were created and the works were carried out 24 hours a day. There were two wider and higher places in the tunnel where the carriages could pass one another. They served as places for reloading the sand. They also allowed the diggers to have a rest. They made the transport more efficient as shorter lines did not get entangled. The places were in the distance of about 30 meters from one another. They were named after London undergroud – “Piccadilly Circus” and “Leicester Square”. The tunnel was 54 cm high and 52 cm wide (although little differences might be encountered in writings). When the tunnel was about 111 meters long, they started to bulit the exit shaft. It was a very difficult task as the sandy walls collapsed very often even before they were covered with planks. At the same time the ladder was being made. When they were close to the surface a wooden flap covering the exit was made under a thin layer of soil. In January 1944 the tunnel was ready to be used. It was decided that the escape would take place at night on 24th/25th of March. It was planned that 200 prisoners would take part in the escape but only 80 of them managed to get out because they were spotted by a guard in the morning making further escape impossible. Four of them were caught at the very exit, 76 of them managed to escape away from the camp but soon 73 were caught during the chase. Only three of them were lucky and managed to reach Great Britain. Hitler ordered to shoot dead fifty of those who were caught. They were shot on the spot, without a trial. The event was named “The Great Escape” and it has been already used as a theme of films and publications. In 1963 the first film was made with Charles Bronson and Steve McQueen, and in 1988 a new version with Christopher Reeve was shot. Numerous documentaries have also been made by European, Canadian and American televisions.
Within the area of the Museum there is a mock-up of the tunnel. Its dimensions and equipment have been based on the original ones. In order to make it safe for tourists it has been reconstructed just below the surface. The mock-up has been built thanks to the programme European Union’s “M³odzie¿”(The Youth) supported by City Council and City Administration Office of Zagan and numerous sponsors. It was built by the students of Technical High School in Zagan and the workers of the Museum.
translation Monika Parker
In addition, a P.O.W. camp for the allied airmen Stalag Luft 3 – was built in the vicinity of Sagan (today Żagań, Poland), controlled directly by the High Command of Luftwaffe.
In addition, a P.O.W. camp for pilots named Stalag Luft 3 – was built in the vicinity of Zagan, controlled directly by the High Command of Luftwaffe.
It was the last camp established in the Zagan region, built in May 1942 on the area adjacent to Stalag VIIIC in the East. At first, the majority of the prisoners were British RAF officers and American pilots. Only later, in June 1942 some other nationalities would show in the camp, being French, Polish, Belgian, Dutch, Canadian, Australian, Lithuanian, Norwegian, New Zealand, South African, Greek and Czechoslovakian pilots. In 1944 Luft 3 camp accommadated 10.494 people.
Stalag Luft 3 camp was famous for the number of attempted escapes. The biggest of them was organized by a secret “X” Committee established by the prisoners in spring 1943 and lead by Major Roger Bushell. It took place in the night of 24 March 1944. Eighty prisoners made it outside through a 111-meter tunnel 10 meters deep. After the escape was revealed and alarm was raised, four prisoners were caught by the tunnel outlet. A big hunt began on the whole territory of the Reich. Consequently, only three of the prisoners managed to avoid the traps and chases, whereas the remaining 73 were caught by the Nazis. It was the biggest escape ever from the Zagan camp. In pursuance of Hitler’s personal order called “Sagan Befehl”, 50 of the unsuccessful fugitives were put before the firing squad.
In 1947 eighteen executioners who followed the order were put before the English Military Tribunal in Hamburg. Fourteen of them were sentenced to death (in the end, thirteen of them were executed), while the rest received heavy imprisonment sentences.
The escapes from the Zagan camp came back as movie “The Great Escape” produced in the sixties,starring Steve Mc Queen and Charles Bronson.
To commemorate the tragedy of the Allied P.O.W’s Museum of Allied Prisoners of War Martyrdom was founded in 1971 on the grounds of Stalag VIIIC.
Drewniane baraki mieszkalne w obozie były parterowe. Miały 60 m długości i 10m szerokości. Umieszczone były na specjalnych filarach, a miedzy podłogą i ziemią była pusta przestrzeń , którą wartownicy mogli skutecznie obserwować. Tylko podstawy pieców i kominy były nad tymi filarami, przez całą długość baraku przebiegał korytarz.
Drewniane baraki mieszkalne w obozie były parterowe. Miały 60 m długości i 10m szerokości. Umieszczone były na specjalnych filarach, a miedzy podłogą i ziemią była pusta przestrzeń , którą wartownicy mogli skutecznie obserwować. Tylko podstawy pieców i kominy były nad tymi filarami, przez całą długość baraku przebiegał korytarz. Po jego obydwu stronach znajdowały się izby mieszkalne o wymiarach 4 x 4,5 m po 9 z każdej strony.
Z zasady w każdym pomieszczeniu mieszkało ośmiu jeńców. W jednym końcu baraku znajdowały się dwie, mniejsze dwuosobowe izby, przeznaczone dla starszego baraku oraz najwyższym stopniem oficerów. Po drugiej stronie była umywalnia i toaleta, otwierane tylko na noc. W baraku była małą kuchnia.
Umeblowanie izby mieszkalnej było bardzo skromne i wykonane z surowego drewna. meble, stół, taborety, szafki i prycze zajmowały niemal całą powierzchnię pomieszczenia. Prycze do spania, najczęściej dwu, a czasem nawet trzy poziomowe, zbite były z desek, a materace i poduszki wypchane były słomą lub wiórami. W każdym pomieszczeniu mieszkalnym znajdował się żelazny piec, stojący na murowanej podstawie.
Piece używane w obozie Stalag Luft III wyprodukowane były w Holandii. Były to piece żeliwne o wymiarach 85 X 35 X 30 cm, w środku miały ściany wyłożone płytkami szamotowymi. W ścianie czołowej , w górnej części znajdowały się drzwi do wkładania opału, w dolnej do usuwania popiołu. Z góry przykryte były różnej średnicy fajerkami, które można było wyjmować.
Na wieść o masowej ucieczce jeńców ze Stalagu Luft III w Żaganiu Adolf Hitler wpadł w furię i zwołał 26 marca 1944 r. natychmiastową naradę z udziałem Göringa, Himmlera i Keitla. Na wstępie zakazał jej protokołowania, a następnie oświadczył, że wszystkich schwytanych zbiegów należy natychmiast rozstrzelać.
Na wieść o masowej ucieczce jeńców ze Stalagu Luft III w Żaganiu Adolf Hitler wpadł w furię i zwołał 26 marca 1944 r. natychmiastową naradę z udziałem Göringa, Himmlera i Keitla. Na wstępie zakazał jej protokołowania, a następnie oświadczył, że wszystkich schwytanych zbiegów należy natychmiast rozstrzelać.
Przeciwko takiemu rozwiązaniu zaoponował Göring, stwierdzając, że takiej akcji nie da się zachować w tajemnicy, a alianci mogą wziąć odwet na przebywających w niewoli lotnikach Luftwaffe i innych jeńcach wojennych. Wobec oporu Hitlera, który upierał się żeby rozstrzelać ponad połowę złapanych Himmler zaproponował stracenie 50 spośród pojmanych zbiegów, co zyskało aprobatę wszystkich obecnych na naradzie w bawarskim Berchtesgaden. Wykonanie decyzji podjętej w kwaterze Hitlera, Himmler powierzył Ernstowi Kaltenbrunnerowi, szefowi Głównego Urzędu Bezpieczeństwa Rzeszy (RSHA). O decyzji tej zostali poinformowani również generał H. von Graevenitz, szef Urzędu ds. Jeńców Wojennych oraz jego następca na tym stanowisku generał – major Adolf Westhoff. W poniedziałek 27 marca 1944 r. Kaltenbrunner wydał tzw. „Sagan – Befehl” (Rozkaz Żagański): „Rosnąca liczba ucieczek jeńców wojennych stanowi zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa wewnętrzne-go Rzeszy oraz sabotaż w stosunku do wysiłku narodu niemieckiego w jego walce przeciwko wrogom Wielkich Niemiec, poprzez zakłócanie transportu i angażowanie w pościgu jednostek wojskowych oraz ludności cywilnej. Dotychczasowe środki zapobiegawcze okazały się niewystarczające. Dla odstraszenia Führer nakazał rozstrzelanie przeszło połowy ujętych jeńców. Rozkazuję zatem, aby policja kryminalna przekazała złapanych jeńców – oficerów RAF do dyspozycji gestapo. Po przesłuchaniu, zgodnie z przekazaną listą nazwisk ustaloną przez szefa policji kryminalnej Nebego oraz szefa tajnej policji państwowej Müllera, należy jeńców wywieźć w kierunku macierzystego obozu i w drodze rozstrzelać. Trzeba to uzasadnić próbą ucieczki lub stawianiem oporu. Nikt ze znajdujących się na liście nie może być ranny ani uratować się. W razie następnych ucieczek stosowany będzie analogiczny sposób postępowania – przy czym należy wstrzymać się do czasu wydania przeze mnie decyzji wykonawczych. Osoby o znanych nazwiskach mają zostać inaczej potraktowane. Ich dane należy przekazać mnie i czekać na moją decyzję. Rozkaz ten trzeba utrzymać w ścisłej tajemnicy.” W Berlinie Kaltenbrunner wykonanie „Sagan – Befehl” powierzył Heinrichowi Müllerowi, szefowi wydziału IV RSHA, a ten zadanie zorganizowania całej operacji, w tym również imiennego wytypowania przeznaczonych do zastrzelenia jeńców, przydzielił Arturowi Nebe, szefowi policji kryminalnej i wydziału V RSHA. W krótkim okresie po ucieczce schwytano niemal wszystkich jej uczestników (z wyjątkiem trzech). Wtedy to A. Nebe sporządził listę jeńców wytypowanych przez niego do rozstrzelania. Świadkiem tych czynności był jego sekretarz – Hans Wilhelm Merten. Na liście znaleźli się przedstawiciele państw walczących z Niemcami oraz Australijczycy, Kanadyjczycy, obywatele RPA oraz ci z Brytyjczyków, którzy mieli na swoim koncie największą ilość ucieczek. Większość jeńców zostało schwytanych na terenie Dolnego Śląska, dlatego też egzekucji mieli dokonać na ogół gestapowcy z Wrocławia. W związku z tym Nebe wezwał do Berlina Wilhelma Scharpwinkela, dowódcę wrocławskiego gestapo oraz Maksa Wielena (szefa policji kryminalnej) nakazując przekazanie gestapo wszystkich uciekinierów schwytanych przez policję kryminalną. Na rozkaz Scharpwinkela utworzono specjalny pluton egzekucyjny pod dowództwem porucznika Erwina Luxa, jego zastępcą został Walter Pattke. W skład tego oddziału weszło jeszcze kilka osób, m.in. Paul Kiske, Walter Knappe, Kreuzeer, Lang, prawdopodobnie także Kühnel i Prosse. W niektórych zabójstwach uczestniczyli także W. Scharpwinkel, jego zastępca – radca kryminalny Erwin Wieczorek, komisarze kryminalni Dankert i Lauffer oraz Walter Hampel i Günter Absalon. Pierwszej egzekucji dokonano już 29 marca 1944 r. na trasie Jelenia Góra – Żagań. Zastrzelono wówczas Jamesa Wernhama, Sotirisa Skaziklasa, Antoniego Kiewnarskiego i Kazimierza Pawluka. Ciała zamordowanych lotników spalono w krematorium. W podobny sposób zastrzelono pozostałych 46 schwytanych jeńców. Po każdej egzekucji sporządzano protokół stwierdzający, że jeńcy zostali zastrzeleni podczas próby ucieczki, ciała palono w krematoriach, by uniemożliwić usta-lenie rodzaju i charakteru odniesionych ran oraz utajnić faktyczne okoliczności śmierci.
W poszukiwaniu zabójców
O tragedii uciekinierów jeńcy Stalagu Luft III dowiedzieli się 6 kwietnia 1944 r., kiedy to Herbert Massey, brytyjski starszy obozu, został poinformowany o zastrzeleniu uciekinierów podczas stawiania oporu w trakcie aresztowania lub podczas próby ucieczki po aresztowaniu. Szczęśliwym trafem H. Massey kilka dni wcześniej dowiedział się, że ze względu na odniesione ciężkie rany niemiecka komisja lekarska zakwalifikowała go do wymiany na rannego lotnika Luftwaffe. Wobec tego 11 kwietnia Massey opuścił obóz pod konwojem i został przewieziony do Szwajcarii, skąd repatriowano go do Anglii. W ten sposób w kilka tygodni po dokonaniu zbrodni Brytyjczycy mieli wiarygodne informacje na jej temat. Na skutek ich interwencji w obozie Luft III została przeprowadzona dwukrotna inspekcja (po raz pierwszy już 17 kwietnia 1944 r.) Gabriela Navilla, przedstawiciela szwajcarskiej organizacji opiekującej się jeńcami wojennymi. Zebrane informacje sprawiły, że Anthony Eden, ówczesny minister spraw zagranicznych Wielkiej Brytanii, dwukrotnie wystąpił w Izbie Gmin, gdzie stwierdził m.in., że jeńcy zostali zamordowania z zimą krwią, a Rząd Jej Królewskiej Mości zrobi wszystko, by wytropić i ukarać winnych tej zbrodni. Po zakończeniu wojny, w sierpniu 1945 r. utworzono w ramach RAF-u tzw. Specjalny Wy-dział Śledczy (Special Investigation Branch – SIB), który miał się zająć m.in. sprawą żagańską. Dochodzeniem w sprawie zbrodni popełnionej na uciekinierach ze Stalagu Luft III kierował podpułkownik Wilfred Bows (zawodowy oficer policji RAF), współpracował z nim major F. P. McKenna (były detektyw policji z Blackpool), kapitan Arthur Lyon (były inspektor policji w Londynie, biegle mówił po niemiecku), sierżanci Stuart Greet i J. W. Venselaar oraz kilku innych. Początkowo grupa Bowsa liczyła 25 osób, aby stopniowo w wyniku demobilizacji zmniejszyć się do 7 ludzi. Cały zespół podzielono na sześć czteroosobowych grup śledczych, w składzie każdej znalazł się tłumacz. Śledczy pracując, w zależności od potrzeby, razem lub osobno przez trzy lata tropili winnych zbrodni na jeńcach Luft III. Ich zadaniem było nie tylko znalezienie i ujęcie bezpośrednich sprawców zabójstw 50 lotników, ale również odtworzenie mechanizmów przestępstwa oraz zebranie pełnego materiału dowodowego, dzięki któremu możliwe byłoby postawienie przed sądem wszystkich winnych popełnionej zbrodni. W toku prowadzonych czynności śledczy przebywali nie tylko na terenie okupowanych Niemiec, ale także w Polsce, Czechosłowacji, a nawet w ZSRR. Jednak początki nie były optymistyczne. Dopiero w lutym 1946 r. otrzymano informacje, że organa bezpieczeństwa Czechosłowacji zatrzymały gestapowca Friedricha Kiowskiego. Jego przesłuchanie przez Anglików pozwoliło na odnalezienie i aresztowanie pierwszych osób uczestniczących w zastrzeleniu lotników z Żagania. Od tego momentu śledztwo nabrało rozpędu, kolejno aresztowano następne osoby uczestniczące w realizacji „Rozkazu żagańskiego”. W sumie zidentyfikowano 72 winowajców i dotarto do 69 z nich – niestety, nie wszystkich udało się postawić przed sądem. Nebe jeszcze przed zakończeniem wojny został oskarżony o współudział w spisku na życie Hitlera, skazany na śmierć i stracony. Wielu z członków plutonu egzekucyjnego dowodzonego przez Luxa zginęło podczas oblężenia Wrocławia. Poza zasięgiem brytyjskiej grupy dochodzeniowej pozo-stali W. Scharpwinkel i G. Absalon, choć w lipcu 1946 r. okazało się, że zostali oni ujęci przez radzieckie władze bezpieczeństwa i osadzeni w więzieniu w Moskwie. Scharpwinkel nie znalazł się na ławie oskarżonych wraz z pozostałymi ujętymi przestępcami (17 października 1947 r. Rosjanie poinformowali, że zmarł w więzieniu), ale na szczęście wcześniej (pod koniec lata 1946 r.) został przesłuchany w Moskwie przez kapitana Maurice Cornisha, a jego zeznania ułatwiły dalsze śledztwo. Przed sądem nie stanął również Martin Schermer, który popełnił samobójstwo przed wkroczeniem Amerykanów do Monachium, Leopold Spann (zginął pod koniec wojny podczas bombardowania Linzu), Hans Ziegler ze Zlina (podciął sobie gardło w więzieniu) oraz Max Dissner ze Strasburga i Franz Schmidt z Kilonii (powiesili się w więzieniu). Podczas procesu przeciwko głównym hitlerowskim zbrodniarzom wojennym przed Międzynarodowym Trybunałem Wojskowym w Norymberdze zajmowano się również zbrodnią żagańską. 26 lutego 1946 r., w 68 dniu rozprawy, oskarżyciel radziecki L. M. Smirnow złożył wniosek o przyjęcie w poczet dowodów dokumentów świadczących o zastrzeleniu przez Niemców 50 uciekinierów ze Stalagu Luft III w Żaganiu. Od 73 dnia rozprawy (4 marca 1946 r.) przez kilka dni prezentowano dowody i przesłuchiwano świadków w sprawie zastrzelenia jeńców z Żagania. Ostatecznie Trybunał w Norymberdze, dla którego sprawa żagańska była ważna, ale marginalna, w trakcie procesu ustalił zasadnicze fakty dotyczące decyzji o rozstrzelaniu i zabezpieczeniu jej wykonania. W uzasadnieniu do wyroku Międzynarodowego Trybunału Wojskowego w Norymberdze znalazł się fragment poświęcony sprawie żagańskiej: „W marcu 1944 r. na wyraźny rozkaz Hitlera rozstrzelano 50 brytyjskich oficerów lotników schwytanych po nieudanej ucieczce z obozu Sagan (Żagań). Ciała ich natychmiast spalono, a urny z prochami odesłano do obozu. Żaden z oskarżonych nie zaprzeczył temu, że było to zwyczajne morderstwo, dokonane z całkowitym pogwałceniem prawa międzynarodowego”.
Proces i kara
Właściwy proces przeciwko sprawcom śmierci lotników uczestniczących w wielkiej ucieczce odbył się w okresie od 1 lipca do 3 września 1947 r. przed Brytyjskim Trybunałem Wojskowym w Hamburgu powołanym przez Zarząd Wojskowy Strefy Okupacyjnej Niemiec pod władzą Zjednoczonego Królestwa Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii Północnej. Skład Trybunału przedstawiał się następująco: generał-major H. L. Longden – przewodniczący, generał brygady F. H. Ware, pułkownik R. H. Gordon, podpułkownik E. C. Van der Kiste, podpułkownik E. J. Inkson, podpułkownik lotnictwa G. S. Taylor, podpułkownik lotnictwa G. M. C. Woodroffe. Sędzią adwokatem był C. L. Stirling, a zastępcą członka trybunału podpułkownik S. C. Auld, oskarżał prokurator pułkownik R. C. Halse. W procesie sądzono: Maxa Wielena i Waltera Jacobsa (adwokat G. Adler), Ericha Zachariasa i Wilhelma Struvego (adwokat A. Dehlert), Johannesa Posta (adwokat W. von Saldern), Emila Schultza i Josefa Gmeinera (adwokat dr Meyer-Labastille), Eduarda Geitha i Hansa Kählera (adwokat H. Graener), Waltera Breithaupta i Waltera Herberga (adwokat dr Jonas), Heinricha Boscherta i Emila Weila (adwokat W. Roth), Oskara Schmidta (adwokat H. Laprenberg), Alfreda Schimmela i Otto Preissa (adwokat H. Buchans Motz) oraz Johanna Schneidera i Artura Denkmanna (adwokat H. Destmann). Na liście oskarżonych znalazł się również Wilhelm Scharpwinkel, który jednak znajdował się w więzieniu radzieckim. W związku z tym sąd w Hamburgu skreślił go z listy oskarżonych, a protokoły jego zeznań z przesłuchań w Moskwie w charakterze świadka zostały zaliczone w poczet dowodów. Wszystkich wymienionych oskarżono o pogwałcenie prawa i obyczajów wojennych przez wydawanie i wykonywanie rozkazów zabijania jeńców wojennych, którzy uciekli z obozu Stalag Luft III w Żaganiu. Ponadto w akcie oskarżenia imiennie wskazano zabójców majora Rogera Bushella, kapitana Anthony R. H. Haytera, porucznika Dennisa H. Cochrana, porucznika Ruperta J. Stevensa, porucznika Jahannesa S. Gouwsa, majora Jamesa Catanacha, sierżanta Halldora Espelida, porucznika Arnolda G. Christensena, porucznika Nilsa Fuglesanga, porucznika Gordona A. Kiddera i majora Thomasa G. Kirby-Greena. Postępowanie dowodowe miało doprowadzić m.in. do zrekonstruowania i wyjaśnienia okoliczności zamordowania pięćdziesięciu jeńców-lotników oraz usta-lenia mechanizmów zbrodni. Procedura postępowania przed Trybunałem opierała się na formalno-karnych uregulowaniach angielskich, zaś akt oskarżenia oskarżeni otrzymali na 30 dni przed rozprawą (wszystkie dokumenty były w języku angielskim i niemieckim, w tych językach była również prowadzona i rejestrowana rozprawa). Oskarżeni korzystali z zagwarantowanego im prawa do obrony, a ich główna linia postępowania zmierzała do wykazania, że zostali zmuszeni do rozstrzelania jeńców, gdyż w przeciwnym razie sami zostaliby rozstrzelani, a ich rodziny represjonowane. Teza ta nie znalazła potwierdzenia w trakcie procesu, obejmującego 18 tomów akt. W wyniku przeprowadzonego postępowania procesowego sąd uznał wszystkich oskarżonych winnymi zarzucanych im czynów. Skazanych podzielono na pięć grup: I – kierownicza służba administracyjna: Alfred Schimmel, Josef Gmeiner; II – średnia służba administracyjna: Hans Kähler, Walter Breithaupt; III – kierownicza służba wykonawcza: Walter Herberg, Johannes Post, Max Wielen; IV – niższa służba wykonawcza: Emil Weil, Emil Schultz, Eduard Geith, Oskar Schmidt, Heinrich Boschert, Walter Jacobs, Erich Zacharias, Otto Preiss; V – personel pomocniczy gestapo: Johann Schneider, Artur Denkmann, Wilhelm Struve. 14 oskarżonych skazano na karę śmierci przez powieszenie (H. Boschertowi zamieniono ją potem na dożywotnie więzienie) – wyrok wykonano 26 lutego 1948 r. Breithaupt i Wielen zostali skazani na dożywotnie więzienie, zaś Denkmann i Struve otrzymali po 10 lat więzienia. Proces z 1947 r. nie zakończył poszukiwań morderców jeńców z Żagania. W rezultacie 1 października 1948 r. przed wojskowym sądem brytyjskim rozpoczął się tzw. drugi proces hamburski, w którym oskarżono Erwina Wieczorka, Richarda Hänsla ze Zgorzelca oraz Reinholda Bruchardta, gestapowca z Gdańska. Po 20 dniach procesu oskarżonych skazano na karę śmierci, a następnie Bruchardtowi wyrok zamieniono na dożywotnie więzienie, zaś Wieczorka i Hänsla uniewinniono! W 1952 r. ujęto Güntera Venedigera, szefa gestapo w Gdańsku, który brał udział w zabójstwie jeńców – w 1955 r. skazano go na dwa lata więzienia. W 1966 r. postawiono w stan oskarżenia Heinricha Hilke, gestapowca ze Strasburga, który uczestniczył w zabójstwie Tony`ego Haytera. Niestety, w tym przypadku sąd oddalił oskarżenie, a Hilke zmarł we własnym mieszkaniu 11 kwietnia 1968 r. Przez 18 lat ciągnęła się sprawa Oskara Schäfera, szefa gestapo w Monachium – w 1968 r. ostatecznie ją umorzono. Od stycznia 1967 r. do maja 1968 r. trwał proces Friedricha Schmidta, szefa gestapo w Kilo-nii. Zakończył się on skazaniem oskarżonego na dwa lata więzienia. Spośród odpowiedzialnych za wydanie i realizację „Sagan Befehl” stracono 21 osób (także za inne udowodnione przestępstwa), 15 skazano na kary więzienia, 11 popełniło samobójstwa, 4 uniewinniono, a 9 osób w ogóle nie stanęło przed wymiarem sprawiedliwości.
Tekst ten został zaprezentowany na sesji zorganizowanej z okazji 60. rocznicy Wielkiej Ucieczki oraz został zamieszczony w Zeszytach Żagańskich nr.4
Autor: Robert Zarzycki, historyk nauczyciel ZSM w Żaganiu, członek Rady Muzeum Martyrologii Alianckich Jeńców Wojennych w Żaganiu.
Bibliografia: – protokół procesu przed Brytyjskim Trybunałem Wojskowym w Hamburgu w 1947 r. (tłumaczenie) – archiwum MMAJW w Żaganiu.
– Anton Gill: „Wielka ucieczka” – Warszawa 2003.
– Tadeusz Sojka: „Sagan Befehl – fakty i dokumenty” – Zielona Góra 1986.
– Rajmund Szubański: „Pięćdziesięciu z Żagania” – Warszawa 1987.
On the night of 24th March 1944, 76 airmen escaped from Stalag Luft 3 Sagan (today Żagań, Poland) through the tunnel HARRY. Only 3 escapees, Norwegians Per Bergsland (nickname Peter Rockland – changed his name and surname because he was not sure how Germans would treat prisoners of war, who were in RAF and came from Norway) and Jens Mûller, and a Dutchman Bram van der Stok were not captured.
At night 24th March 1944, 80 pilots escaped from Stalag Luft III in Zagan through the tunnel HARRY. Only 3 fugitives, Norwegians Per bergsland (nickname Rocky Rock – changed his name and surname because he was not sure how Germans would treat prisoners of war, who were in RAF and came from Norway) and Jens Mûller, and a Duchman Bram van der Stock were not captured.
Per Bergsland and Jens Mûller after escaping from the camp, they got into a train, which went to Szczecin. They were there 27th March. They got a contact address in this town from Roger Bushell (nickname Big X). For their own security they went in the evening there. Finally, this place was a brothel for sailors. At the beginning, they were thinking that it was a trap. When they were living this place, they met a Pole by accident. Prisoners of war informed him that they wanted to find an old friend, who should arrive from Gõteborg. The Pole brought a Swedish sailor and they told him their true names. Next, the sailor helped them and took them at a land-pier. They should wait for a sign near some boxes and his boat. Unfortunately, the sailor disappeared and prisoners of war did not know how to find way to a harbour. If they had been found they would have be shot. Fortunately Bergsland remembered a name of ship, which they passed and which was still on the harbour. With courage they went to a quart near a gate, who let them went through, because they pretended ship’s workers and one of them spoke German with the Scandinavian accent. They slept in a small hotel and an owner of this place did not question them. Next day in the evening, they arrived to the brothel, where they met two Swedish sailors, who agreed to help them. With the Swedish sailors, prisoners-of-war could go through a post in the harbour without any difficulties and got into the Swedish ship, but only Sweden shown their documents. The sailors hid pilots in a chain chamber.
In early morning 28th March, Germans made control on the ship, but POW were safe. They went at 7a.m. and arrived at 11p.m. to a port in Göteborg. But fugitives stayed on the ship to the end of next day, when ship reached a port in Stockholm. Then pilots went to a British Consulate. After 6 days – 144 hours, when they had left “HARRY”, they were free.
However Bram van der Stok, after escaping from a tunnel, was travelling alone. By train he came to Wroclaw, where bough a ticket to Alkmaar in Holland. During this trip he had to change trains. By first train he reached Drezno. For next connection he was waiting all day. In this time he visited a town and went into the cinema. Then he arrived to a train station.
At 8 p.m. he got into a train. In Hanover the train stopped for 1 hour. When the train was in the neibourghood of the Dutch border it slowed down and stopped in the end. All passengers got out for police control and for customs clearance.
Bram van der Stok spoke German and this fact was very helpful for him, because a policeman let him go. It was 6 a.m., 26th March. From 20 hours he was happy with his freedom. He thought that Germans discovered the tunnel and they know that somebody bought a ticket to Alkmaar in Wroclaw and from his point of view, he expected Germans on his train station. For this reason he decided to get out in Utrecht, one station earlier. He knew this town, because he studied there and had lots of friends, who could help him. Prisoner-of-war visited one professor, who fed him and gave him address of hiding-place in Amersfoort, where van der Stok stayed for next 3 week, referring contacts with resistance movement. Activists of resistance movement did not give him help. From there they went to Belgium.
There, he called his uncle from Antwerpia, who transformed some money for him, and gave him some address in Brussels, where van der Stok stayed for next 3 week. Local activists of resistance movement did not trust him, but gave him a contact address in St.Gaudens in the northeast France. He should go through Pyrenees to Spain. Van der Stok had to accept this longer way to England.
He went by train from Tulia to St. Gaudens. There he found small pub, L’Orangerie” and then he met with resistance movement, which put him in a rural house, where there were also others fugitives including scared 13 the German Jews.
After some days, fugitives came to Spain. Then through Madrid van der Stok was sent to Gibraltar, from where by plane he flew to Bristol in Great Britain.
Biography of Bram van der Stok is very interesting. He was born 13th October 1915 in Sumatra, where his father was an engineer of Shell Company. He also grew up in Holland and the Dutch India.
He finished Lyceum Alpine in Switzerland, and then studied medicine in Leiden (Holland). He did not finish this study, because rowing and hockey were more important for him. In 1936, he came in the Dutch Air Force. In 1937, he was including to squadron of fighters. After one year in the army, he started to study at the University in Utrecht.
From 1939 to May 1940, he fought as a pilot. After Holland’s capitulation, he was let continue his medical study. During this time, he organized a section of resistance movement and tree time he was trying to come to Great Britain, but without any results. Just for fourth time his boat came to Scotland. In June 1941, the Queen Wilhelmina gave him the Dutch Braun Cross. He was taken to RAF. In addition, he became a captain and a commander of squadron.
After arrested him by Germans he worked in hospital in Stalag Luft III. His first and second escape from a camp was unsuccessful. After the Second World War, Bram van der Stock took part in organization of new Dutch air force.In 1946, he came back to Utrecht, where in 1951 he finished medicine. Afterwards he immigrated to the USA with his wife and three children. As a doctor, he specialized in gynaecology and obstetrics. Next, he began work in air investigative laboratory – NASA in Alabama. In 1970, he moved with family to Honolulu, where he still worked as a doctor. There came in the American harbour guard. In 1987 he published the book”An orange martial pilot”. He was marked out with the British Empire Order and others. He died in 1993 in Hawaii, aged 78.
Text: Elzbieta Ciepiela, A happy homecoming, “Zeszyty Zaganskie”, nr 5, 2004, page 25.
During the preparations for the Great Escape, the prisoners of war took steps to make everything easier, especially moving through Germany. Therefore, they made special clothes, documents, maps and planned three escape routes. The first route would go through the Baltic Sea (mainly through Szczecin) and then to Sweden. The second route went via occupied Czech to Switzerland and the third via Germany to France and then on to Great Britain.
The prisoners of war were divided into small groups, because then they were not so noticeable. Some of them tried to get out by train from Zagan, the rest on foot. The ones who were going by train, went out first and they had the best clothes, documents and the German money.
There was an air raid at 11p.m. On one hand this was helpful for the prisoners while they were going out of the tunnel, as it distracted the Germans. On the other, trains were stopped until 1 a.m. This was quite important, as the prisoners who were escaping by trains had to reach Wroc³aw and change trains during the night or early the hours of the morning.
Escape on foot was more difficult. Prisoners had to pretend to be workers and had to move only at nighttime and sleep by day. The cold and snow and lack of knowledge of the area was a big problem, and all of it made their escape slower. A big disadvantage for the prisoners was that their escape was detected very quickly. The Germans initiated “Grossfandung” a countrywide search which included the Wehrmacht (army), Kriesesmarine (navy), SS, Luftwaffe (airforce) and all the police. The Germans caught many groups of prisoners, especially those who were on foot.
One of these groups was Jerzy Mondscheina’s group with 22 people. They pretended they were local workers and reached a train station in Trzebow (Tschiebsdorf), from where they went by train to Sulêcin (Boberröhrsdorf) near Jelenia Gora. There, they divided and tried to reach the Czech border. A day later many of them were caught and taken to Jelenia Gora. This same was with most “walkers”. Denys Street. Les Brodrick and Hank Birkland tried to force their way through the forest for 2 and a half days. They travelled after twilight and because of the snow and the cold, only managed to travel 2-3 km.
Paul Royle and Edgard Humphrey wanted to escape by road in a northwesterly direction. They were found during the second night and put into jail in Parowa (Tiefenfurt). Johnny Marshall and Arnost Valenta, who had pretended Czech workers from a glass factory, were in the same cell. They should have gone by train to Miêdzylesie on the Czech border and then on foot through Czechoslovakia to Yugoslavia. Unfortunately, they missed their train and tried to walk to the Czech border. They were joined by Albert Armstrong. In the morning, the Germans captured them and took them to a police station in Zagan, where in the evening of March 27th they were taken to prison in Zgorzelec (Görlitz). By March 29th, 35 fugitives were in prison.
Sydney Dowse and Stanislaw Krol escaped in different direction. It was impossible for them to reach the train station and they decided to escape by walking in the direction of the Polish border.
After 12 days on April 6th, they were arrested (it was only 3 km to the Polish border) by soldiers of the rural guard and were put into a jail in Olesnica (Oels). Fugitives, who were escaping by train, tried to leave Zagan behind very quickly. Mostly they escaped towards the east to the French border, via Wroclaw. Roger Bushell and Bernard Scheidhauer reach Saarbrücken without difficulties, where police arrested them on the morning of March 26th. A small mistake with their documents was what caused them to be caught. Jimmy Catanach, Arnold Christensen, Halldor Espelida and Nils Walenn, went by train to Kostrzyn (Küstrin), and then through Willenberg to Pi³a, where the Germans captured them while checking their documents. The prisoners were taken to an allied camp under Malbork and then to a prison in Gdansk.
Two Norwegian, Jens Muller and Per Bergsland were on the same train to Kostrzyñ and along with Bram van der Stock, who travelled alone, successfully escaped.
Harry Day and Pawel Tobolski travelled to Wroc³awa and then on to Berlin. There they met a Dane, who did not want to get involved. On March 26th, they attempted to get in touch with some Swedish sailors but did not manage to reach the brothel where they could make contact. They also tried, and failed, to get in touch with Pawe³ Tobolski’s sister, who was living there.
Finally, they reached the French prisoners or war who smuggled them to a hut and gave them food and accommodation. They were arrested 29 March in the morning, because one of the French informed on them. For 4 days, they were in a local prison, and then they were transported to Berlin.
28th March Gordon Kiddlere and Tommy Kirby-Green were arrested in Hodonin on the north of Morawy. They had reached a train to Czechoslovakia. From here they were taken to prison in Zlin.
Dennis Cochran was in the same situation. He was travelling on his own and was captured on March 30th. He was 7 km from the Swedish border. On April 4th Tony Hayter was captured close to the Swedish border. They were all put into prison in Ettling.
Des Plunkett and a Czech, Fredde Dvorak, were going to go via Czechoslovakia. At about 5 o’clock on March 25th, they got onto a train in Zagan, which went to Dusznik (Bad Reinerz). Next, they walked in the direction of Novy Hradek, behind the Czech border, where they got some help from the owner of a hotel. They arrived in Prague on April 1st, where they met with the resistance movement. On April 7th, Good Friday, they travelled by train to Switzerland. Unfortunately, they were arrested in Klatovy. Plunkets pass was incorrect and the Germans arrested him and Dvorak, who tried to help him.
Finally, only three fugitives managed to reach Great Britain. Most of the walkers could not manage the difficult conditions; low temperatures, snowdrifts, difficulties in orientating themselves and travelling by night. Those who escaped by train were under a lot of stress because often they did not know the language of the area they were in. The distance, which the prisoners managed to travel in Middle and Eastern Europe showed their determination and their good preparation for the escape.
Text : Dariusz Downar – A teacher in Secondary School in Zagan. “The Ways of Escape”, Zeszyty Zaganskie, nr 4, Zagan 2004.
Red Army Offensive, which begun 12th January 1945 from The Wisla side, liberated western Poland from Germans and it invaded on German area.
Nazis began a huge evacuation. The evacuation included abort 3.5 million civil German population, mainly from Pomerania and Silesia areas. The plan also included all POW’s camps, which were in this area. Zagan POW’s camps were on VIII Military District area. In January 1945, there were about 300 thousands prisoners of war.
In Zagan there were two camps: Stalag Luft III and Stalag VIII C. In January 1945 on the camps registers there were about 60 thousands prisoners of war. These statistics included all prisoners of war, but there is not reliable information about presence POW’s in Stalag VIII C before the evacuation, who in main part worked and lived outside the camp.
Evacuation of Stalag Luft III Sagan
Stalag Luft III was a camp only for pilots from USA and these, who fought in British RAF (Royal Air Force). The camp was on VIII District area, but reported to General Command Luftwaffe in Berlin. In January 1945 there were 10494 POW’s in the camp, including 6831 pilots from USA , 3498 from RAF (in Royal Air Force were fighting Australians , New Zealanders, South Africans, Canadians and lots of different European countries citizens) and 165 The Union Soviet POWs from camp service. In the camp prisoners of war were located in five sectors.
Instruction of evacuation reached Zagan in night hours 27th January and they prescribed that camp had to be left. They described they March route to Spremberg. POW’s were informed of the March about 10p.m., and theatre show was stopped in the south sector. Prisoners of war were given alf an hour for packing and preparing everything for the March. The weather conditions were very difficult. It was snowing and there was a strong wind blowing. The temperature fall bellow zero degree. Roads were snowed and snow just melted after a few days.
First POW’s groups set out from the south American sector and a last POW left the camp gate at 11 p.m. In the south camp the senior officer was Colonel Charles G. Goodrich from USAF (United States Air Force).The senior officers were in charge of prisoners of war commanders and they mediated between her colleagues and Germans. Next, at 0.30 a.m. American POWs set out from the western sector, and at 3.45 a.m. from the northern (Col. Wilson from RAF) the central (Col. Delmar T. Spivey from USAF), and at 6 p.m. the eastern. All groups were in charge by guards. In all camps were about 500 ill POWs .There were looked after by medical staff. In 6th February, ill POWs were taken away and after a few days, they joined with the eastern sector POWs in Stalag XIII D Nürnberg.
At first groups were going in dense columns, which hour by hour stretched for huge distance. At the beginning, the columns were 200 metres length but it changed into 2 km.
In the back of POW’s columns were going tractors with trailers and horse carts, which were taking exhausted people.
The March went through Ilowa (Halbau), Borowe (Burau), Gozdnica (Freiwaldau), Przewóz (Priebus), Potok (Pattog), Leknica (Lugknitz), Bad Muskau, Kromlau, Graustei
and Spremberg.
During the March, the groups were mixing. In the western and southern sectors groups met, and northern and part of eastern and central and rest of eastern sectors as well. During the March, different groups were stopping for a rest accommodation in different places and resorts. POWs also slept in Ilowa Church, barns and utility rooms in Borowe and Gozdnica, and in glass foundry and Muskau Castle and in church and utility rooms in Graustein as well.
In Muskau, all of POWs had a longer rest. A part of them spent 2 nights there. In Muskau, was one of the biggest escapes. Thirty-two POWs escaped from Muskau. They were caught and after 36 hours, they joined with their groups.
After reaching Spremberg POWs were putting in empty garages and stores and in military barracks. There they got warm soup and bread.
During next days, POWs were divided according to sectors, and they were led to railway siding and they were put into tight carriages.
Travels by trains took about 2-3 days. The trains were stopping every 12 hours beyond railway stations. POWs could leave carriages for physical needs. They were also given some water.
POWs from the eastern sector were put in Stalag XIII D Nurnberg, the southern and central in Stalag VII A Moosburg, the northern and part of the eastern in Marlag (Marlrinelager a POWs camp for sailors) Tarmstedt and the rest of POWs from the western sector in Stalag III A Luckenwalde.
Evacuation of Stalag VIII C
Stalag VIII C was the second Zagan camp for the Land Army soldiers. It reported to VIII District Military Wermacht commander. In January 1945, there were 49.008 POWs in the camp register. The most numerous group was constituted by the French (26.6120 POWs) and Russian POWs – 13.307. There were also Italians (440), the British (5.898), Poles (101) , Belgians (1.019), Slovaks (913) and 945 Yugoslavians POWs. According to German data, 32.219 POWs worked and lived beyond the camp. Places of their being there were on the western ¦l±sk area and the southern Wielkopolska. There is no information how many POWs were evacuated from the camp and how many were evacuated from work places.
Evacuation of the camp started 8th February in early morning hours, but all the preparation started at night. According to POWs report, the first group crossed over the main gate at 6 a.m.
It was winter, but the weather conditions were much better than during evacuation of Stalag Luft III. The March route to Spremberg was this same as pilots one, but Stalag VIII C POWs had to march longer. A further way went via Senftenberg, Riesa, Oschatz, Weissenfels, Weimar, Erfurt, Gotha, Eisenach, Neukirchen and it finished 7th March in Stalag IX A Ziegenhain camp. POWs had to negotiate 15-30 km daily and they negotiated over 500 km in one month.
POWs reports about the March are very varied, particularly about treating POWs by guards. In the reports, there is information about POWs murder during the March, ill people killing and shouting. Through period of two first weeks, POWs often slept in forest, sometimes in utility rooms. The food, which was given by Germans, was deficient. It was usually some bread and warm meal.
There were also some attempts to reach the food in villages or by demolishing mounds with vegetables on a field. Guards forbad it strictly and they also shot at POWs.
In the back of a column, horse cart went, which had to pick up ill POWs, but these carts were full of exhausted POWs. ¯agan POWs were moved between camps in central Germany in April and in May 1945 as well.
Jacek Jakubiak